钢结构因其自身优点，在桥梁、工业厂房、高层建筑等现代建筑中得到广泛应用。在大量的工程建设过程中，钢结构工程也暴露出不少质量通病。本文主要针对辽宁近年来在钢结构主体验收及竣工验收中的常见问题及整改措施谈一些看法。
Because of its own advantages, steel structure has been widely used in modern buildings, such as bridges, industrial buildings, high-rise buildings and so on. In the process of a large number of engineering construction, the steel structure engineering also exposes a lot of common problems of quality. This article mainly aims at some views on the common problems and rectification measures in the acceptance of steel structure subject and the acceptance of completion in recent years in Liaoning.
一、钢结构工程施工过程中的部分问题及解决方法
Part problems and solutions in the construction process of steel structure engineering
1、构件的生产制作问题
1, the production and production of components
门式钢架所用的板件很薄，最薄可用到4毫米。多薄板的下料应首选剪切方式而避免用火焰切割。因为用火焰切割会使板边产生很大的波浪变形。目前H型钢的焊接大多数厂家均采用埋弧自动焊或半自动焊。如果控制不好宜发生焊接变形，使构件弯曲或扭曲。
The door type steel frame used in the plate is very thin, the thinnest can be used to 4 millimeters. The cutting method of the multi sheet material should be preferred and the flame cutting should be avoided. Because of the flame cutting, the edge of the plate can be greatly waved. At present, most of the H type steel welding manufacturers use automatic submerged arc welding or semi-automatic welding. If the control is not good, the welding deformation may cause the bending or distortion of the component.
2、柱脚安装问题
2, column installation problems
（1）预埋件（锚栓）问题现象：整体或布局偏移；标高有误；丝扣未采取保护措施。直接造成钢柱底板螺栓孔不对位，造成丝扣长度不够。
(1) embedded (anchor) phenomenon: the overall layout or offset; elevation error; thread did not take protective measures. The direct cause of steel column base plate bolt hole alignment caused by thread length is not enough.
措施：钢结构施工单位协同土建施工单位一起完成预埋件工作，混凝土浇捣之前。必须复核相关尺寸及固定牢固。
Measures: steel structure construction unit construction units together to complete the collaborative work before concrete embedded parts. The related dimensions must be checked and fixed firmly.
（2）锚栓不垂直现象：框架柱柱脚底板水平度差，锚栓不垂直，基础施工后预埋锚栓水平误差偏大。柱子安装后不在一条直线上，东倒西歪，使房屋外观很难看，给钢柱安装带来误差，结构受力受到影响，不符合施工验收规范要求。
(2) the anchor bolt is not vertical phenomenon: the column frame column bottom level difference, the anchor bolt is not vertical, foundation construction after the embedded anchor level error. Post after the installation of reel right and left in a straight line, and the house looks very ugly, to the steel column installation errors, the structure stress affected, does not meet the acceptance requirements.
措施：锚栓安装应坚持先将底板用下部调整螺栓调平，再用无收缩砂浆二次灌浆填实，国外此法施工。所以锚栓施工时，可采用出钢筋或者角钢等固定锚栓。焊成笼状，完善支撑，或采取其他一些有效措施，避免浇灌基础混凝土时锚栓移一位。
Measures: anchor installation should adhere to the first floor with the lower adjusting bolt, and no shrinkage of mortar grouting two times filled, foreign construction method. Therefore, when the anchor bolt is constructed, a fixed anchor bolt, such as steel or angle steel, can be used. Weld the cage shape, perfect the support, or take other effective measures to avoid pouring the one position of the anchor bolt when the foundation concrete is irrigated.
（3）锚栓连接问题现象：柱脚锚栓未拧紧，垫板未与底板焊接；部分未露2～3个丝扣的锚栓。
(3) anchor connection phenomenon: anchor bolt fastening plate and the bottom plate, without welding; not exposed bolt 2 to 3 threads.
措施：应采取焊接锚杆与螺帽；在化学锚栓外部，应加厚防火涂料与隔热处理，以防失火时影响锚固性能；应补测基础沉降观测资料。
Measures: Welding bolts and nuts should be taken; outside the chemical anchor, fire retardant coating and heat insulation should be thickened to prevent the fire from affecting the anchorage performance, and the foundation settlement observation data should be supplemented.
3、连接问题
3. Connection problems
（1）高强螺栓连接
(1) high strength bolt connection
1）螺栓装备面不符合要求，造成螺栓不好安装，或者螺栓紧固的程度不符合设计要求。
1) bolt equipment face does not meet the requirements, causing bolts to install, or the degree of bolt fastening does not meet the design requirements.
原因分析：
Cause analysis:
①表面有浮锈、油污等杂质，螺栓孔璧有毛刺、焊瘤等。
The surface rust, oil and other impurities, burr, wall bolt hole welding.
②螺栓安装面虽经处理仍有缺陷。
Although the bolt mounting surface is still defective.
解决方法：
Resolvent：
①高强螺栓表面浮锈、油污以及螺栓孔璧毛病，应逐个清理干净。使用前必须经防锈处理，使拼装用的螺栓，不得在正式拼装时使用。螺栓应由专人保管和发放。
(1) the surface of high strength bolts, rust, oil pollution and bolt hole defects, should be cleaned up one by one. Before use, it must be treated with antirust, so that the bolts used in the assembly must not be used in the formal assembly. The bolts should be kept and distributed by the special person.
②处理装配面应考虑到施工安装顺序，防止重复进行，并尽量在吊装之前处理。
(2) the order of construction and installation should be taken into consideration in handling the assembly surface, so as to prevent repetition and as far as possible before the installation of the assembly.
2）螺栓丝扣损伤，螺杆不能自由旋入螺母，影响螺栓的装配。
2) damage of bolt thread, the screw is screwed into the nut is not free, the influence of bolt assembly.
原因分析：丝扣严重锈蚀。
Cause analysis: thread severe corrosion.
解决方法：
Resolvent：
①使用前螺栓应进行挑选，清洗除锈后作预配。
Use the front bolt should be selected after pre cleaning derusting.
②丝扣损伤的螺栓不能做临时螺栓使用，严禁强行打进螺孔。
The bolt thread damage temporary bolts, is prohibited forced into the hole.
③预先选配的螺栓组件应按套存放，使用时不得互换。
The pre selection of the bolt assembly comprising the storage, use shall not be interchangeable.
（2）现场焊缝现象：质量难以保证；设计要求全焊透的一、二级焊缝未采用超声波探伤；楼面主梁与柱未施焊；未采用引弧板施焊。
(2) spot weld phenomenon: the quality is difficult to guarantee; the design of the one or two level weld with full penetration is not done by ultrasonic flaw detection; the floor main beam and column are not welded; no arc welding is applied.
解决方法：钢结构施焊前，对焊条的合格证进行检查，按设计要求选用焊含条，按说明书和操作规程要求使用焊条，焊缝表面不得有裂纹、焊瘤，一、二级焊缝不得有气孔、夹渣、弧坑裂纹，一级焊缝不得有咬边、未满焊等缺陷，一、二级焊缝按要求进行无损检测，在规定的焊缝及部位要检查焊工的钢印。不合格的焊缝不得擅自处理，定出修改工艺后再处理，同一部位的焊缝返修次数不宜超过两次。
Solution: steel before welding, inspection of welding certificate, according to the design requirements including welding, electrode used according to instructions and procedures, the weld surface shall not have cracks, overip, level one or two no weld porosity, slag inclusion, crater crack, a no weld undercut, under the one or two level of weld defects such as welding, according to the requirements of nondestructive testing, and the provisions of the parts in the weld to check the welder. The unqualified weld shall not be treated without authorization, and the modified process will be retreated. The rework number of the weld in the same part should not be more than two times.
4、构件的变形问题
4, the deformation of the component
（1）构件在运输时发生变形，出现死弯或缓弯，造成构件无法进行安装。
(1) the component is deformed during transportation, and there is a dead bend or slow bending, which causes the failure of the component to be installed.
原因分析：
Cause analysis:
1）构件制作时因焊接产生的变形，一般呈现缓弯。
1) when the component is made by welding, it usually takes on slow bending.
2）构件待运时，支垫点不合理，如上下垫木不垂直等或堆放场地发生沉陷，使构件产生死弯或缓变形。
2) when the component is to be shipped, the supporting point is not reasonable, such as the upper and lower padding wood is not vertical, or the site of the stacking is subsided, so that the component will produce dead bending or slow deformation.
3）构件运输中因碰撞而产生变形，一般呈现死弯。
3) in the transport of components, the deformation caused by collision is usually caused by dead bending.
预防措施：
Preventive measures:
1）构件制作时，采用减小焊接变形的措施。
1) when the component is made, the measures to reduce the deformation of the welding are adopted.
2）组装焊接中，采用反方向变形等措施，组装顺序应服从焊接顺序，使用组装胎具，设置足够多的支架，防止变形。
2) assembly welding, using anti deformation measures such as assembly order should obey the welding sequence, using the assembly tool, a bracket arranged enough, prevent deformation.
3）待运及运输中，注意垫点的合理配置。
3) pay attention to the rational allocation of the padding points in the transportation and transportation.
解决方法：
Resolvent：
1）构件死弯变形，一般采用机械矫正法治理。即用千斤顶或其他工具矫正或辅以氧乙炔火焰烤后矫正。
1) the dead bending deformation of the component is generally treated by mechanical correction. It is corrected by jacks or other tools or supplemented with oxyacetylene flame.
2）结构发生缓弯变形时，采取氧乙炔火焰加热矫正。
2) when the structure has a slow bending deformation, the oxygen acetylene flame is used to redress the structure.
（2）钢梁构件拼装后全长扭曲超过
(2) full length distortion of steel beam after assembly