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钢结构建筑技术要点
钢结构建筑在超高层领域应用十分广泛，因刚度大，自重轻等优点被人们广泛接受使用。增加钢结构的设计稳定性，检测识别安全隐患，结合实际情况进行加固补强是工程中需要准确掌握的技术要点。
Steel structures are widely used in the field of super high rise. They are widely used because of the advantages of large stiffness and light weight. To increase the stability of the design of steel structure, to detect and identify the hidden danger of security, and to strengthen and strengthen the reinforcement in combination with the actual situation are the technical points that need to be accurately grasped in the project.
一、结构选型
1. Type selection of structure
1、梁柱设置
1. Liang Zhu setting
（1）常用的Ⅰ字形截面梁经济跨度为6～12m，设计时须考虑建筑上部结构进行选择。
(1) the economic span of the commonly used I-shaped cross section beams is 6 ~ 12M, and the selection of the superstructure must be taken into consideration in the design.
（2）次梁有利于荷载均匀分布和明确传力途径次，间距一般取1.5～2.5m，在震动设备集中或荷载较大处应适量减小。
(2) the secondary beam to a uniformly distributed load and clear way of force transmission time spacing from 1.5 to 2.5m in the vibration equipment or load should be appropriate to reduce the relatively large.
（3）钢次梁一般与主梁铰接，可减小梁的跨中弯矩和挠度，但须考虑对焊接工作量的影响。
(3) the steel sub beam is usually articulated with the main beam, which can reduce the middle bending moment and deflection of the beam, but the influence of the welding workload must be considered.
（4）考虑经济合理因素可选用箱形钢框架柱截面，无强弱轴之分结构较为合理，但拼装焊接量工艺有难度。
(4) the section of box steel frame column can be selected with the consideration of economic and reasonable factors. The split structure without strong and weak axis is more reasonable, but the process of assembling and welding quantity is difficult.
（5）框架柱可选用连接难度较小的轧制宽翼缘H型钢，但须考虑层高较高时是否可满足弱轴长细比的要求，如不满足可选用十字形截面钢柱。
(5) a wide flange H section steel can be selected for the frame column with less difficulty to connect. However, it is necessary to consider whether the height of the upper layer can meet the requirement of weak shaft slenderness ratio, if not, the cross section steel column can be selected.
2、楼板设置
2. Floor setting
（1）选用组合楼板时，在使用阶段由压型钢板等效为混凝土楼板的受拉钢筋，须控制钢板镀锌量与板厚，考虑防火因素带来的经济指标要求。
(1) when the composite floor is selected, the steel plate is equivalent to the tensile steel bar of the concrete floor at the service stage. The galvanized steel plate and the thickness of the steel plate must be controlled, considering the economic index requirements caused by the fire prevention factors.
（2）选用非组合楼板时可按普通钢筋混凝土楼板计算，压型钢板会承担较多荷载，施工前应做好防锈处理；此种方式可节省防火方面的开支。
(2) when the non composite floor is chosen, it can be calculated according to the ordinary reinforced concrete floor. The profiled steel plate will bear more loads. The rust prevention treatment should be done before construction. This way can save the cost of fireproofing.
（3）楼板设置时须在钢梁顶设置穿透钢板的圆柱头栓钉，并根据楼板跨度确定栓钉直径及柱顶间距，且高压型钢板顶面须不小于3cm，高出顶面混凝土保护层不小于1.5cm。
(3) to be set in slab cylinder head stud steel plate is arranged on the top of penetration, according to determine the diameter of stud and top floor span spacing, and high pressure plate top surface shall be not less than 3cm, higher than the top surface of concrete protective layer is not less than 1.5cm.
二、节点优化
Two, node optimization
1、梁柱节点
1, beam column joint
（1）梁柱节点通常采用刚性连接，确保梁上下翼缘与柱翼缘焊接牢固，腹板与柱翼缘剪力板连接，对于有抗震设防要求的建筑，应与梁翼缘设置与其等厚的水平加劲肋，并与柱全熔透焊接。
(1) beam column joints usually adopt the rigid connection, ensure the beam flange and column flange welded firmly, web and column flange plate shear connections, the seismic fortification requirements of the building, should be horizontal stiffening rib and flange provided with equal thickness, and penetration welding and melting column.
（2）在每个梁翼缘对应位置设置柱的水平加劲肋可加强梁柱节点的刚度与稳定性，对于截面高度较小的梁腹板可加大局部高度，但须注意腋部翼缘坡度。
(2) horizontal stiffener columns can enhance the stiffness and stability of beam column joints is arranged in the corresponding position of each beam, the beam web section of smaller height can increase local height, but it should be noted that the axilla flange slope.
2、拼装节点
2. Assembling nodes
（1）对于高度较高的柱与跨度较大的梁，常选用多段现场拼接的措施加长，须注意柱接头不在框架节点塑性区内，并须满足极限承载力要求。
(1) for more highly developed columns and larger span beams, the measures of multi section in-situ splicing are often lengthened. We should pay attention to that the column joints are not in the plastic area of the frame joints, and the ultimate bearing capacity requirements must be satisfied.
（2）Ⅰ字形截面柱接头翼缘可采用全熔透坡口焊接，腹板采用高强度螺栓连接。
(2) the flange joint of the I-section column joint can be welded by the full penetration slope, and the web is connected with high strength bolt.
（3）柱外悬臂梁段与中间梁段连接时在翼缘采用全熔透焊接，腹板采用高强度螺栓连接；翼缘、腹板采用全熔透焊接。
(3) when the outer cantilever beam is connected with the intermediate beam section, the full penetration welding is applied to the flange, the high strength bolt is used to connect the web, and the full penetration welding is applied to the flange and web.
通过以上优化设计，可增加钢结构的稳定性与合理性，同时不能忽视对于钢结构的检测鉴定，严格把关承载力，并结合实际情况选择补强措施。
Through the above optimization design, the stability and rationality of the steel structure can be increased. At the same time, we should not neglect the inspection and appraisal for the steel structure, strictly control the bearing capacity, and choose reinforcement measures combined with the actual situation.
三、检测鉴定
Three, detection and identification
（1）钢结构检测包括外观质量检测；构件尺寸及平整度检测；焊缝及螺栓连接检测；钢材锈蚀检测；涂层厚度检测。
(1) steel structure detection includes appearance quality detection, component size and flatness detection, weld and bolt connection detection, steel corrosion detection, coating thickness detection.
（2）测定钢材屈服强度时，对于有明显流幅的钢材应取屈服点应力；对于无明显流幅的钢材应取条件屈服强度。
(2) when the yield strength of steel is measured, the yield stress should be taken for the steel with obvious flow amplitude, and the yield strength for steel with no obvious flow amplitude should be obtained.
（3）检测钢材化学成分，控制碳含量，确保强度、塑性、可焊性、耐锈蚀性平衡；控制锰含量，确保强度与脆性平衡；控制硅含量，控制强度与塑性、可焊性、耐锈力的平衡；控制磷含量，确保强度和耐锈力等平衡。
(3) detection of steel chemical composition, carbon content control, ensure the strength, ductility, weldability, corrosion resistance balance control; manganese content, to ensure the strength and brittleness of silicon content, balance; balance control of strength and ductility, weldability, rust resistant force; control of phosphorus content, to ensure the strength and a rust resistant force balance.
（4）测量涂层厚度时注意包括防火涂层厚度与防腐涂层厚度，多次测量确定薄层位置进行补涂。
(4) when measuring the thickness of the coating, we should pay attention to the thickness of the fireproof coating and the anticorrosion coating, and measure the position of the thin layer to make up the coating on several times.
（5）测量钢网架挠度，跨度不大于24m者测量下弦中央部位；跨度大于24m者测量下弦中央及下弦跨度四等分点。
(5) measuring the deflection of steel truss, the span is less than 24m the central parts of lower chord span more than 24m measurement; measurement of bottom chord and bottom central span of four points.
四、加固补强
Four, reinforcement
1、柱身加固
1, column reinforcement
（1）使用钢板或型钢补强通过焊接或高强螺栓增强原柱结构；还可增设支撑减小柱自由长度，提高承载能力；须注意钢结构存在严重缺陷和损伤时须验算结构强度、刚度及稳定性再进行加固。
(1) the use of steel plate reinforcement reinforced column structure by welding or bolt; can also be added to support the reduction column free length, improve the bearing capacity of steel structure; must pay attention to serious defects and damage to the stiffness and stability of structure strength, and reinforcement.
（2）在钢柱四周外包钢筋混凝土加固，注意清理表面增加粘结效果，并确保外包结构与原钢柱形成整体，以免未起到补强效果，反而增加荷载。
(2) steel bar reinforcement around the steel column should be done. Attention should be paid to cleaning up the surface and increasing the bonding effect, and ensuring that the outsourced structure and the original steel column form the whole so as not to play a reinforcing effect, but increase the load.
2、柱脚加固
2, column reinforcement
（1）增设柱脚加劲肋，减小底板计算弯矩，可在柱脚型钢间浇筑混凝土，使柱脚底板成为刚性块体；施工前注意清理表面以增加粘结力。
(1) additional column stiffeners, reduce the plate bending moment is calculated, in the column type steel pouring concrete, the column soleplate become rigid block; before the construction of cleaning the surface to increase the adhesive force of attention.
（2）增设柱脚附加锚栓，基础较宽大时可钻出孔洞，插入附加锚栓，灌环氧砂浆或硫磺砂浆，包裹整个柱脚并将新配钢筋插入基础内与原钢筋焊接。
(2) an additional column anchor foundation wide when drilled holes, insert additional anchor bolt, with epoxy mortar or sulfur mortar, covering the entire column and the new reinforced insert welded with the original reinforced foundation.
Steel structures are widely used in the field of super high rise. They are widely used because of the advantages of large stiffness and light weight. To increase the stability of the design of steel structure, to detect and identify the hidden danger of security, and to strengthen and strengthen the reinforcement in combination with the actual situation are the technical points that need to be accurately grasped in the project.
一、结构选型
1. Type selection of structure
1、梁柱设置
1. Liang Zhu setting
（1）常用的Ⅰ字形截面梁经济跨度为6～12m，设计时须考虑建筑上部结构进行选择。
(1) the economic span of the commonly used I-shaped cross section beams is 6 ~ 12M, and the selection of the superstructure must be taken into consideration in the design.
（2）次梁有利于荷载均匀分布和明确传力途径次，间距一般取1.5～2.5m，在震动设备集中或荷载较大处应适量减小。
(2) the secondary beam to a uniformly distributed load and clear way of force transmission time spacing from 1.5 to 2.5m in the vibration equipment or load should be appropriate to reduce the relatively large.
（3）钢次梁一般与主梁铰接，可减小梁的跨中弯矩和挠度，但须考虑对焊接工作量的影响。
(3) the steel sub beam is usually articulated with the main beam, which can reduce the middle bending moment and deflection of the beam, but the influence of the welding workload must be considered.
（4）考虑经济合理因素可选用箱形钢框架柱截面，无强弱轴之分结构较为合理，但拼装焊接量工艺有难度。
(4) the section of box steel frame column can be selected with the consideration of economic and reasonable factors. The split structure without strong and weak axis is more reasonable, but the process of assembling and welding quantity is difficult.
（5）框架柱可选用连接难度较小的轧制宽翼缘H型钢，但须考虑层高较高时是否可满足弱轴长细比的要求，如不满足可选用十字形截面钢柱。
(5) a wide flange H section steel can be selected for the frame column with less difficulty to connect. However, it is necessary to consider whether the height of the upper layer can meet the requirement of weak shaft slenderness ratio, if not, the cross section steel column can be selected.
2、楼板设置
2. Floor setting
（1）选用组合楼板时，在使用阶段由压型钢板等效为混凝土楼板的受拉钢筋，须控制钢板镀锌量与板厚，考虑防火因素带来的经济指标要求。
(1) when the composite floor is selected, the steel plate is equivalent to the tensile steel bar of the concrete floor at the service stage. The galvanized steel plate and the thickness of the steel plate must be controlled, considering the economic index requirements caused by the fire prevention factors.
（2）选用非组合楼板时可按普通钢筋混凝土楼板计算，压型钢板会承担较多荷载，施工前应做好防锈处理；此种方式可节省防火方面的开支。
(2) when the non composite floor is chosen, it can be calculated according to the ordinary reinforced concrete floor. The profiled steel plate will bear more loads. The rust prevention treatment should be done before construction. This way can save the cost of fireproofing.
（3）楼板设置时须在钢梁顶设置穿透钢板的圆柱头栓钉，并根据楼板跨度确定栓钉直径及柱顶间距，且高压型钢板顶面须不小于3cm，高出顶面混凝土保护层不小于1.5cm。
(3) to be set in slab cylinder head stud steel plate is arranged on the top of penetration, according to determine the diameter of stud and top floor span spacing, and high pressure plate top surface shall be not less than 3cm, higher than the top surface of concrete protective layer is not less than 1.5cm.
二、节点优化
Two, node optimization
1、梁柱节点
1, beam column joint
（1）梁柱节点通常采用刚性连接，确保梁上下翼缘与柱翼缘焊接牢固，腹板与柱翼缘剪力板连接，对于有抗震设防要求的建筑，应与梁翼缘设置与其等厚的水平加劲肋，并与柱全熔透焊接。
(1) beam column joints usually adopt the rigid connection, ensure the beam flange and column flange welded firmly, web and column flange plate shear connections, the seismic fortification requirements of the building, should be horizontal stiffening rib and flange provided with equal thickness, and penetration welding and melting column.
（2）在每个梁翼缘对应位置设置柱的水平加劲肋可加强梁柱节点的刚度与稳定性，对于截面高度较小的梁腹板可加大局部高度，但须注意腋部翼缘坡度。
(2) horizontal stiffener columns can enhance the stiffness and stability of beam column joints is arranged in the corresponding position of each beam, the beam web section of smaller height can increase local height, but it should be noted that the axilla flange slope.
2、拼装节点
2. Assembling nodes
（1）对于高度较高的柱与跨度较大的梁，常选用多段现场拼接的措施加长，须注意柱接头不在框架节点塑性区内，并须满足极限承载力要求。
(1) for more highly developed columns and larger span beams, the measures of multi section in-situ splicing are often lengthened. We should pay attention to that the column joints are not in the plastic area of the frame joints, and the ultimate bearing capacity requirements must be satisfied.
（2）Ⅰ字形截面柱接头翼缘可采用全熔透坡口焊接，腹板采用高强度螺栓连接。
(2) the flange joint of the I-section column joint can be welded by the full penetration slope, and the web is connected with high strength bolt.
（3）柱外悬臂梁段与中间梁段连接时在翼缘采用全熔透焊接，腹板采用高强度螺栓连接；翼缘、腹板采用全熔透焊接。
(3) when the outer cantilever beam is connected with the intermediate beam section, the full penetration welding is applied to the flange, the high strength bolt is used to connect the web, and the full penetration welding is applied to the flange and web.
通过以上优化设计，可增加钢结构的稳定性与合理性，同时不能忽视对于钢结构的检测鉴定，严格把关承载力，并结合实际情况选择补强措施。
Through the above optimization design, the stability and rationality of the steel structure can be increased. At the same time, we should not neglect the inspection and appraisal for the steel structure, strictly control the bearing capacity, and choose reinforcement measures combined with the actual situation.
三、检测鉴定
Three, detection and identification
（1）钢结构检测包括外观质量检测；构件尺寸及平整度检测；焊缝及螺栓连接检测；钢材锈蚀检测；涂层厚度检测。
(1) steel structure detection includes appearance quality detection, component size and flatness detection, weld and bolt connection detection, steel corrosion detection, coating thickness detection.
（2）测定钢材屈服强度时，对于有明显流幅的钢材应取屈服点应力；对于无明显流幅的钢材应取条件屈服强度。
(2) when the yield strength of steel is measured, the yield stress should be taken for the steel with obvious flow amplitude, and the yield strength for steel with no obvious flow amplitude should be obtained.
（3）检测钢材化学成分，控制碳含量，确保强度、塑性、可焊性、耐锈蚀性平衡；控制锰含量，确保强度与脆性平衡；控制硅含量，控制强度与塑性、可焊性、耐锈力的平衡；控制磷含量，确保强度和耐锈力等平衡。
(3) detection of steel chemical composition, carbon content control, ensure the strength, ductility, weldability, corrosion resistance balance control; manganese content, to ensure the strength and brittleness of silicon content, balance; balance control of strength and ductility, weldability, rust resistant force; control of phosphorus content, to ensure the strength and a rust resistant force balance.
（4）测量涂层厚度时注意包括防火涂层厚度与防腐涂层厚度，多次测量确定薄层位置进行补涂。
(4) when measuring the thickness of the coating, we should pay attention to the thickness of the fireproof coating and the anticorrosion coating, and measure the position of the thin layer to make up the coating on several times.
（5）测量钢网架挠度，跨度不大于24m者测量下弦中央部位；跨度大于24m者测量下弦中央及下弦跨度四等分点。
(5) measuring the deflection of steel truss, the span is less than 24m the central parts of lower chord span more than 24m measurement; measurement of bottom chord and bottom central span of four points.
四、加固补强
Four, reinforcement
1、柱身加固
1, column reinforcement
（1）使用钢板或型钢补强通过焊接或高强螺栓增强原柱结构；还可增设支撑减小柱自由长度，提高承载能力；须注意钢结构存在严重缺陷和损伤时须验算结构强度、刚度及稳定性再进行加固。
(1) the use of steel plate reinforcement reinforced column structure by welding or bolt; can also be added to support the reduction column free length, improve the bearing capacity of steel structure; must pay attention to serious defects and damage to the stiffness and stability of structure strength, and reinforcement.
（2）在钢柱四周外包钢筋混凝土加固，注意清理表面增加粘结效果，并确保外包结构与原钢柱形成整体，以免未起到补强效果，反而增加荷载。
(2) steel bar reinforcement around the steel column should be done. Attention should be paid to cleaning up the surface and increasing the bonding effect, and ensuring that the outsourced structure and the original steel column form the whole so as not to play a reinforcing effect, but increase the load.
2、柱脚加固
2, column reinforcement
（1）增设柱脚加劲肋，减小底板计算弯矩，可在柱脚型钢间浇筑混凝土，使柱脚底板成为刚性块体；施工前注意清理表面以增加粘结力。
(1) additional column stiffeners, reduce the plate bending moment is calculated, in the column type steel pouring concrete, the column soleplate become rigid block; before the construction of cleaning the surface to increase the adhesive force of attention.
（2）增设柱脚附加锚栓，基础较宽大时可钻出孔洞，插入附加锚栓，灌环氧砂浆或硫磺砂浆，包裹整个柱脚并将新配钢筋插入基础内与原钢筋焊接。
(2) an additional column anchor foundation wide when drilled holes, insert additional anchor bolt, with epoxy mortar or sulfur mortar, covering the entire column and the new reinforced insert welded with the original reinforced foundation.
